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Goražde Psalter
The Goražde Psalter ((セルビア語:Гораждански псалтир or ''Goraždanski psaltir'')) is a printed psalter published in 1521 in Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension. It is counted among the better accomplishments of early Serb printers. With its 352 leaves, it is the largest of the three books produced by the Goražde printing house—the first printing house in the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina. The production of the psalter was managed by Teodor Ljubavić, a hieromonk of the Mileševa Monastery. Ten copies of the book are known to exist today; none is complete, though only the first and the last leaf are not present in any of them. The copies are kept in Belgrade (two), Kiev, Krka Monastery, Lvov, Novi Sad, Patriarchate of Peć, Prague, Saint Petersburg, and Zagreb. The book is printed in uncial Cyrillic with elements of cursive, in the orthography of the Resava literary school. Beside the Psalms, it contains the Canticles, Horologion, Menologion, and other Orthodox religious texts. There are three additional texts, one of which describes the capture of Belgrade and the devastation of Syrmia by the Ottomans in 1521. The psalter is decorated with 4 headpieces, 149 initials, and ornamental headings, printed from woodcuts. It was first described in scholarly literature in 1836.
==Background==
After the printing press was invented in the mid 15th century by Johannes Gutenberg and others, the art of book printing soon spread to other parts of Europe. By the end of the 15th century, Venice had become a major centre of printing. In 1493, Đurađ Crnojević, the ruler of the Principality of Zeta (in present-day Montenegro), sent hieromonk Makarije to Venice to buy a press and learn how to print books. In 1494, Makarije printed the Cetinje Octoechos at Zeta's capital, Cetinje. It was the first incunable written in the Serbian recension of Church Slavonic. The Crnojević printing house worked until 1496, when Zeta fell to the Ottoman Empire.〔Biggins & Crayne 2000, pp. 85–86〕〔Barać 2008, pp. 27–29〕
In the second half of 1518, brothers Teodor and Đurađ Ljubavić arrived in Venice to buy a press and learn the art of printing. They were sent on this mission by their father Božidar Ljubavić, also known as Božidar Goraždanin, a prominent merchant from the town of Goražde,〔Kajmaković 1982, pp. 155–58〕〔Barać 2008, pp. 41–44〕 which was then part of the Sanjak of Herzegovina, a district of the Ottoman Empire.〔Barać 2008, p. 31〕 Teodor was a hieromonk of the Mileševa Monastery, where his father also resided at that time.〔Barać 2008, pp. 41–44〕 Mileševa was the see of a Serbian Orthodox diocese that was incorporated into the Kingdom of Bosnia in 1373.〔Fine 1994, pp. 392–93, 484〕 Goražde belonged to this diocese and it was part of the region of Herzegovina,〔〔Fine 1994, p. 578〕 which was gradually conquered by the Ottomans between 1465 and 1481.〔Fine 1994, p. 585〕
In Venice, the Ljubavić brothers procured a press and began printing a hieratikon (priest's service book), copies of which were finished on 1 July 1519 either in Venice or at the Church of Saint George in the village of Sopotnica near Goražde.〔 After Đurađ Ljubavić died in Venice on 2 March 1519, it is unclear whether his brother transported the press to Goražde before or after finishing the work on the hieratikon. At the Church of Saint George, Teodor organised the Goražde printing house,〔 one of the earliest printing houses among the Serbs,〔〔Fotić 2005, p. 66〕 and the first such facility in the territory of present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina.〔〔Benac & Lovrenović 1980, p. 145〕 The printing house was run by Božidar Ljubavić, who, in 1521, instructed Teodor to print a psalter.〔 Teodor managed the work, which included the redaction of the psalter's text, the design and carving of the decorative woodcuts, typesetting, preparation of ink and paper, printing, drying and gathering of the printed sheets, and other tasks; the books were not bound at the printing house.〔Barać 2008, pp. 45–48〕 The copies of the Goražde Psalter were finished on 25 October 1521.〔〔
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